The JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action), signed in 2015, bridged a comparable enrichment gap between the US and Iran. That process took 20 months of structured negotiation, continuous IAEA monitoring, and a verification architecture that allowed both sides to verify compliance before making concessions.
Islamabad had none of those conditions. The IAEA has had no on-site access to Iran since 28 February 2026. The talks lasted 21 hours, not 20 months. And both sides published their positions publicly before entering the room, removing the ambiguity that allowed the JCPOA negotiators to find bridging language.
The JCPOA ultimately collapsed in 2018 when Trump withdrew the US. Iran subsequently escalated enrichment from the deal's 3.67% limit to 60%. The stockpile at that level, last verified at 440.9 kg, is now a central bargaining chip that neither side can verify or physically account for.