Berlin

In European coverage 'Berlin' generally means the federal government, not the city: decisions by the Bundestag and the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action set the gas-capacity, storage-refill and carbon-pricing terms that shape the wider European energy market, and Berlin's Bundesrat has begun setting comparable terms in digital regulation, naming Germany's AI Act enforcement authorities on 10 July, ahead of every other EU state.

Berlin's rearmament spending under the ReArm Europe framework, funded through the constitutional debt-brake escape clause the Bundestag activated for defence, has already produced contracts worth more than EUR 840 million across three domestic drone-makers. On the energy side, the PCK Schwedt refinery that supplies Berlin and north-eastern Germany carried a residual exposure to Russian-controlled infrastructure through Kazakh crude routed via the northern Druzhba pipeline, an exposure Russia closed unilaterally by halting that transit.

Berlin's 2021 Mietendeckel rent cap, struck down by the Federal Constitutional Court on the ground that housing law is reserved to the states, remains the precedent other European capitals cite when weighing their own rent controls.