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Cuba Dispatch
4JUN

Refinery restart cuts grid deficit to 1,395 MW

4 min read
11:38UTC

Camilo Cienfuegos came back online on Friday 17 April after roughly four months down, processing the Anatoly Kolodkin crude into 337-367 MW of restored evening capacity by 26 April.

PoliticsDeveloping
Key takeaway

The 337-367 MW grid improvement was bought by Russian crude the administration's sanctions architecture nominally forbids.

UNE, Cuba's state grid operator (Unión Eléctrica Nacional), forecast a peak deficit of 1,365 to 1,395 MW for Sunday 26 April 2026 against demand of 3,100 MW. The shortfall sits 337 to 367 MW below the 1,732 MW deficit recorded on 15 April . The Camilo Cienfuegos refinery in Cienfuegos province restarted on Friday 17 April after roughly four months offline, routing the Anatoly Kolodkin crude delivered on 31 March into the grid. Energy Minister Vicente de la O Levy said publicly that "with just this ship, we only have fuel until the end of April".

The arithmetic of Cuban resupply has tightened to a single dependency. The thermal fleet needs roughly eight fuel cargoes a month at design tempo; between December 2025 and April 2026 it received one, meeting roughly 13 per cent of stated need. The PDVSA Cuba carve-out from 18 March walled off Venezuelan crude from the state oil entity, leaving Russian Sovcomflot deliveries as the island's last active supply line. The next cargo is the Universal, the Sovcomflot tanker expected at Matanzas on Wednesday 29 April under the cover of OFAC General Licence 134B.

Without that wind-down licence, every port operator, insurer and payment intermediary handling the Universal would face secondary-tariff exposure under EO 14380 . Treasury chose the operational track instead, narrowing its own architecture to keep the supply chain legal in May.

Camilo Cienfuegos was down for four months because Cuba had no crude to refine; its return depends on the Universal arriving on time and discharging. Renewable photovoltaic at 641 MW peak midday is now visible in UNE bulletins but cannot fill the evening hole that drove the 26 April deficit. De la O Levy's end-of-April fuel exhaustion signal makes the Universal a politically dated event with measurable consequences if it slips.

Deep Analysis

In plain English

Cuba has an oil refinery in the province of Cienfuegos that turns crude oil into the heavy fuel oil that runs the power stations. That refinery had been shut down for about four months, which is one reason the blackouts had been so severe. On 17 April it restarted, using oil delivered by a Russian tanker at the end of March. The restart cut the amount of power the grid was short by about 20 per cent, which is why Havana got four days without blackouts. But Cuba's Energy Minister said the fuel from that delivery only lasts until the end of April. The next Russian tanker, the Universal, needs to arrive and unload around 29 April for the power to stay on.

Deep Analysis
Root Causes

Cuba's thermal generating fleet runs on residual fuel oil, a heavy refinery product that the Camilo Cienfuegos plant produces from crude feedstock. The island has no significant domestic crude reserves and no alternative thermal feedstock.

When the refinery is offline, the grid runs on whatever residual oil stockpiles remain from prior deliveries; those stockpiles exhausted in roughly 12 days after the previous Kolodkin cargo was processed. The grid deficit then becomes a direct function of the refinery restart date.

The four-month offline period reflects the structural condition that Cuba's Soviet-era refineries require periodic catalytic reformer regenerations and heat-exchanger cleaning cycles that need specialist equipment and chemicals unavailable under the sanctions environment.

What could happen next?
  • Risk

    The Camilo Cienfuegos refinery's sustained operation is wholly contingent on monthly Sovcomflot deliveries. A single delayed cargo, whether through US enforcement or logistics failure, shuts the refinery and restores the pre-17 April deficit within roughly 12 days.

    Short term · 0.85
  • Consequence

    Cuba's grid improvement is entirely attributable to the Russian crude route that EO 14380 nominally prohibits, making any genuine enforcement of EO 14380's secondary tariffs against Sovcomflot directly measurable in UNE deficit figures.

    Short term · 0.9
  • Risk

    The refinery's four-month maintenance backlog is not resolved by a single restart; structural catalyst and heat-exchanger deficits from the sanctions environment mean the plant operates below design efficiency and faces a higher unplanned-outage probability than normal.

    Medium term · 0.7
First Reported In

Update #2 · Two Cuba policies, one fortnight

Unión Eléctrica Nacional· 27 Apr 2026
Read original
Different Perspectives
Spanish hotel operators
Spanish hotel operators
Meliá and Iberostar exited GAESA-linked Cuban hotels before 5 June to protect their broader Caribbean and global portfolios from secondary-sanctions exposure. Spain's commercial stake in Cuban tourism makes Madrid a structural veto risk if the EU advances Cuba-specific restrictive measures under Ollongren's mandate.
Cuban opposition / OCDH
Cuban opposition / OCDH
After the US Senate killed a Cuba war-powers check 51-47 on 29 April, the Madrid-based OCDH formally demanded an EU reparations fund for political prisoners on 4 June, routing its pressure campaign to Brussels where the EU's existing restrictive-measures machinery, used previously against Venezuela and Belarus, does not require a Senate majority.
China
China
Beijing paired a birthday telegram to Castro with no operational commitment on fuel or credit, using the occasion to signal non-abandonment ahead of the G20 without incurring the cost of a replacement tanker. China has no military-logistics presence in the Caribbean comparable to Soviet-era capacity.
Russia
Russia
Moscow sent an official birthday message to the indicted Raúl Castro on 3 June, a deliberate legitimacy signal to Global South partners, while Sovcomflot has announced no replacement for the Universal's 270,000-barrel cargo that turned away on 26 May. The pattern mirrors Soviet public solidarity during the 1962 crisis while privately managing exposure.
Trump administration / OFAC
Trump administration / OFAC
Washington let a calendar date do the work: no new designations were needed after 18 May, and the looming 5 June expiry, which strips foreign firms' legal-exit defence, drove the hotel exodus and card suspension without a second executive action. The administration has not publicly commented on the compound utility failures.
Cuban government and citizens
Cuban government and citizens
Havana's only countermeasure this week was a Granma editorial defending GAESA by name, conceding the designation is biting hard enough to require a public answer. Residents of Havana and Guanabacoa banged pots on the nights of 3-4 June, the first confirmed capital protests, after gas, water, and the state milk ration all failed.