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Amnesty: 39 executions since war began

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Amnesty International documented at least 39 political executions and more than 6,000 arbitrary arrests in Iran since the war began on 28 February, in a report dated 28 May. The repression kept wartime tempo throughout the Doha talks.

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Key takeaway

Iran's prisons kept wartime execution tempo through the Doha talks; the deal timetable never reached them.

Amnesty International, the London-based human rights watchdog founded in 1961, published the first comprehensive count of the war window in a report dated Thursday 28 May: at least 39 political executions and more than 6,000 arbitrary arrests in Iran since the war began on 28 February ¹. The 39 break down as 16 protesters, 9 dissidents, 10 people convicted of spying for the US or Israel, and 4 for armed rebellion ². Amnesty also logged an 88-day internet blackout, forced confessions aired on state media, and asset seizures targeting more than 750 individuals ³.

The tally sits on top of a register that had already passed 200 executions for 2026 by mid-May, when Ramin Zaleh and Karim Maroufpour were hanged at Naqadeh Central Prison without notice to their families . It also encompasses the 25-27 May cluster, including the execution of Turkish national Gholamreza Khani Shakarab on spying-for-Israel charges, over which NATO member Ankara issued no public protest .

The two clocks never synchronised. While negotiators in Qatar debated whether the Hormuz memorandum was "largely negotiated", Iran's judiciary and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC, the ideological military branch whose security operations underpin the arrests) carried executions at the same pace they ran before the Doha track opened. The diplomacy moved on a 60-day horizon; the prisons moved on a daily one. For the 39 already executed and the 6,000 detained, a briefing room discussing a tentative deal changed nothing.

Deep Analysis

In plain English

On 28 May, Amnesty International published its first full count of what Iran has done to its own people since the war started on 28 February 2026. Amnesty is a London-based charity that monitors human rights abuses by governments worldwide; it accepts no government funding so that it can report on any country without fear of losing support. The numbers: 39 people executed for political reasons, more than 6,000 arrested without proper legal process, and 88 days of near-total internet shutdown. The 39 executions break into four groups: 16 were protesters, nine were political dissidents, ten were people convicted of spying for the US or Israel, and four were convicted of armed rebellion. These executions happened while Iran was simultaneously negotiating with the United States over ending the conflict. That is not a coincidence Amnesty glosses over. The report documents that Iran's security apparatus kept running at wartime pace even as diplomats talked peace in Doha and Islamabad. A separate monitoring group called Hengaw, based in Norway and focused on Kurdish communities in Iran, has been tracking individual executions prison by prison. Hengaw's running register records a higher total than Amnesty's 39, because Hengaw counts all security-linked cases, while Amnesty counts only the 39 cases it has individually confirmed as politically motivated.

Deep Analysis

Root Causes

Iran's wartime judicial system has three structural features that produce accelerated execution tempos independently of any political instruction.

First, the 88-day internet blackout (documented in and partially lifted on 25 May) severed the connection between defence lawyers and their clients in custody. Under normal operating conditions, Iranian defence lawyers can monitor case status, file appeals, and alert families and international monitors.

The blackout eliminated this function, allowing cases to move from arrest to execution in under 50 days, as in Mojtaba Kian's case (arrested March 2026, executed 24 May), without any observable escalation visible to external monitors.

Second, wartime espionage charges carry mandatory death sentences under Article 183 of Iran's Islamic Penal Code, and the Supreme National Security Council's wartime classification of 'supporting the enemy' is broad enough to encompass any contact with foreign media, international organisations, or diaspora networks.

The 10 espionage-category executions in Amnesty's count were processed through the Revolutionary Court, which holds closed hearings, bars independent legal representation, and accepts intelligence service testimony without cross-examination.

Third, the IRGC's internal security role expanded dramatically after the 28 February strikes decapitated civilian state structures. The IRGC now runs both the physical detention estate and the intelligence services that generate the prosecution cases. This vertical integration between arrest authority and prosecution means no independent state body checks the evidence quality before cases reach the Revolutionary Court.

Escalation

The execution tempo has not slowed during the diplomatic window and may be accelerating. Amnesty's 39-figure for 90 days of war works out to roughly one political execution every 2.3 days. Hengaw's 25-27 May cluster, with five executions over three days, suggests the pace is not declining.

Iran's government is running a negotiating posture externally while running a consolidation posture internally; both can be sustained simultaneously as long as the internet blackout limits the information flow that would make the contradiction politically costly.

What could happen next?

Consequence
Amnesty's 28 May report provides the evidentiary foundation for any post-conflict accountability process: the 39 named execution categories and 6,000-plus arrest records constitute a documented dataset that UN Special Procedures and the International Criminal Court can draw on for referral or monitoring purposes.
Medium term · Assessed
Risk
If any peace agreement is signed before the internal execution campaign concludes, Iran's negotiating partners, particularly the European states involved in the 40-nation Hormuz coalition, will face domestic pressure to condition sanctions-relief implementation on cessation of political executions, creating a conditionality layer the current MOU structure does not address.
Short term · Assessed
Meaning
NATO member Turkey's silence over the 26 May execution of Turkish national Gholamreza Khani Shakarab (ID:3659), while Turkey serves as an active mediator in Iran-related diplomacy, signals that Ankara has calculated that mediation access is worth more than consular protest over a single citizen, a calculation that may be tested if further foreign nationals are executed.
Short term · Assessed
Precedent
The 88-day internet blackout, confirmed by Amnesty as the longest sustained wartime internet shutdown in modern history, establishes a template for information control during armed conflict that other authoritarian states have already begun studying, per Freedom House reporting.
Long term · Assessed

Source Landscape

This story draws on centre-leaning sources from United Kingdom

United Kingdom

LeftRight

Primary parallel: In the summer of 1988, Iran executed between 3,000 and 5,000 political prisoners, primarily Mojahedin-e Khalq and Marxist Fedayeen, in a three-month purge that coincided with the final phase of ceasefire negotiations ending the Iran-Iraq War. The Khomeini-era fatwa authorised the killings as a precondition for post-war political consolidation: the regime eliminated an organised opposition before the external threat ended, reasoning that a ceasefire would otherwise allow domestic dissidents to reconstitute.

The 2026 pattern is structurally parallel. Iran is executing protesters, dissidents, and wartime 'spies' at accelerating pace as ceasefire negotiations advance, in categories (16 protesters, 9 dissidents, 10 espionage-convicted) that mirror the 1988 categories of political opposition and foreign-linked agents. The lesson the Islamic Republic drew from 1988 was that wartime exception powers are most safely exercised before, not after, a political settlement.

Counter-parallel: During the Algerian civil war of the 1990s, the military government also conducted mass executions of Islamist prisoners through the war years, but the tempo increased after ceasefires rather than before them, as the state used post-conflict instability to clear prison populations. The 2026 Iran pattern is the inverse: the execution pace is highest during the active diplomatic window, suggesting internal consolidation is front-loaded rather than deferred.

Consensus view: UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in Iran and Iran Human Rights Monitor (IHR) director Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam both assess that the 39 political executions documented by Amnesty International from 28 February to 28 May 2026 represent the fastest sustained wartime political-execution tempo Iran has recorded since the 1988 prison massacres.

IHR's methodology, which cross-references Hengaw's prison-by-prison documentation with Amnesty's category register, places the credibility interval at 35-42 executions, with Amnesty's 39 figure within the agreed range. Amiry-Moghaddam notes the 88-day internet blackout is structurally functional for execution concealment: families cannot verify, lawyers cannot communicate, and international monitors receive delayed and partial information.

Counter-view: Professor Ali Ansari (St Andrews University, Iran expert) argues that the divergence between Amnesty's 39-figure and the higher counts in Hengaw's running register reflects a methodological difference rather than a coverage gap. Amnesty counts only cases where it has independently verified the political motive for the execution, while Hengaw includes all wartime security-related executions including narcotics cases with a political-prisoner profile.

Ansari notes the same methodological divergence inflated apparent disagreement between human rights bodies during the 2019 crackdown, when Amnesty's confirmed figure (304) and the government's denials coexisted with Hengaw's higher estimate. The underlying consensus on direction and magnitude holds regardless of counting method.

Key tension: Whether the execution tempo reflects a deliberate IRGC-designed deterrence campaign timed to run alongside the diplomatic track. The 24 May execution of Mojtaba Kian for wartime espionage was announced on the same day as Trump's 'largely negotiated' deal statement, suggesting at minimum that Tehran's security apparatus treats diplomatic windows as cover rather than constraint.

First Reported In

Update #111 · US sanctions the strait its deal reopens

Amnesty International· 29 May 2026

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Causes and effects

Caused by

Naqadeh executes two Kurdish PDKI prisoners

Amnesty's 28 May 39-execution tally builds on the execution register that had already passed 200 for 2026 by mid-May, covering the same wartime political category.

Occurred 21 May 2026

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Iran hangs Turkish national, toll rises

The Amnesty report's war-window count encompasses the 25-27 May cluster of executions including Turkish national Shakarab, contextualising the pace of the repression campaign.

Occurred 26 May 2026

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30 women held in Vakilabad 'Peace Ward'

The 409 wounded count advances the prior Amnesty tally of US casualties, representing a near-tripling from 140 in March.

Occurred 28 May 2026

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This Event

Amnesty: 39 executions since war began

Iran's security state held its execution and arrest tempo through the diplomatic track, indifferent to whether the deal was close.

Led to

Iran's killing moves to the field

Amnesty's 28 May tally of 39 political executions since February established the judicial baseline; the 28-30 May extrajudicial field killings represent an escalation beyond the auditable court-based process.

Occurred 28 May 2026

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Students march over exam policy in three cities

The student protests and NCRI's 37-execution count continue and intensify the wartime domestic repression tempo documented since 28 February.

Occurred 2 Jun 2026

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Different Perspectives

Hengaw and Iranian protest detainees

Hengaw documented three secret executions of protest-linked detainees at Isfahan and Karaj on 15 and 16 July, including Mohammad Amini Dehaghani, hanged over a January arson charge with no public trial record. Tehran is carrying out capital punishment against 2026 protesters while global attention stays fixed on the war with the US.

Russia

OFAC named Moscow aviation firm Avratek OOO and its principals Mariya Selina and Vadim Druzhbin directly for the first time in this war's Iran arms track, under an Executive Order 13382 designation issued 15 July. The designation converts years of rhetorical claims about Russian arms supply to Iran into named, sanctionable individuals and a documented company.

Bahrain

Bahrain sounded air-raid sirens during Iran's 14 July Gulf-wide barrage and was struck again in the 16 July Artesh claim against Sheikh Isa air base, home to the US Fifth Fleet. Manama's air-defence stocks were already reported near-exhausted before this second strike claim against the same base in a week.

Kuwait

Kuwait's armed forces intercepted the drones Iran's Army claimed against Ali Al Salem air base on 16 July and separately reported intercepting missiles and drones in Iran's Gulf-wide barrage on 14 July. Kuwait now absorbs strikes from two rival Iranian commands while hosting Camp Arifjan, the US logistics base Iran also claims to have destroyed.

Iran (Artesh and IRGC)

Iran's regular Army claimed the 16 July drone strikes on Kuwait's Ali Al Salem and Bahrain's Sheikh Isa air bases under its own banner, Operation Saeqeh phase ten, while the IRGC separately claimed a mine strike closing Hormuz on 18 July. Two Iranian institutions are now claiming parallel operations, with neither claim confirmed by Kuwait, Bahrain or CENTCOM.

United States

CENTCOM bombed the interior cities of Ahvaz and Yazd for the first time overnight into 17 July, Marines began boarding vessels including the tanker Wen Yao, and Treasury let General License X1 lapse at 12:01am the same day. Washington closed every remaining channel for de-escalation without a new executive action, a posture of attrition rather than a wind-down.