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Autonomous Systems: Land & Sea
5SEP

Missile modules, no budget line

5 min read
10:58UTC

Japan's FY2027 defence budget request asks to research missile-launch and attack modules for uncrewed underwater vehicles, with no amount attached to either line. Taiwan's new six-year unmanned-vehicle law names small suicide uncrewed boats in its procurement list, and has not been promulgated. A Saildrone Surveyor fired a JAGM at RIMPAC. Three documents move uncrewed platforms towards striking; not one of them is funded.

TechnologyPATHSaab
Key takeaway

Intent to arm uncrewed platforms is advancing faster than funded procurement, while industrial adoption appears through smaller operational purchases.

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Japan's defence ministry asked on 31 August to research a stand-off missile launch module for uncrewed underwater vehicles. Neither undersea line carries an amount; the one firm figure nearby, 9.5 billion yen, belongs to a ground vehicle.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

Japan's Ministry of Defense requested research on uncrewed underwater vehicle missile-launch, attack and network modules. Its request gave no budget for any underwater line.

The ministry placed JPY 9.5 billion on a separate small uncrewed ground-vehicle request. The split leaves the underwater work as a request, not a funded programme. 

Briefing analysis

Primary parallel: Japan's FY2026 request grouped a small multipurpose UUV for intelligence collection inside a ¥128.7bn SHIELD acquisition package. One year later the vehicle is gone from the framing and the modules have their own lines: stand-off missile launch, and search, attack and underwater-network functions. The vehicle stopped being the unit of account.

Counter-parallel: A research line is not a programme. Both FY2027 undersea lines are 事項要求, open-ended requests carrying no amount, and the ministry names no vehicle, supplier or delivery date. The only figure attached to a new land or undersea vehicle in this part of the request is ¥9.5bn for a small general-purpose UGV.

Taiwan's Legislative Yuan passed the Act for Strengthening National Defence Autonomy and Developing the Unmanned Vehicle Industry at third reading on 27 August. It directs NT$240 billion over six years across every unmanned domain, and had not been promulgated by 4 September.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

Taiwan's Legislative Yuan passed an unmanned-vehicle law at third reading. The Act sets an NT$240 billion ceiling over six years for air, land and sea systems.

A small suicide boat appears in the development list, but the ceiling is not boat funding. The law still needs implementation before readers can judge actual procurement. 

Lockheed Martin and Saildrone said they launched two Joint Air-to-Ground Missiles from a Surveyor-class uncrewed vessel during RIMPAC on 20 August. Saildrone describes it as the first missile launch from one of its platforms.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

Lockheed Martin and Saildrone launched two Joint Air-to-Ground Missiles from a Surveyor-class uncrewed vessel during RIMPAC. The event joined a missile to a surface platform.

The launch was a demonstration, not evidence of a funded fleet programme. Its value lies in showing the two suppliers can combine their equipment in an exercise. 

Denmark's defence procurement agency recorded decisions on 24 August to place two separate direct contracts for the ship Norwind Helm: an AUV system from Kongsberg Discovery and an ROV system from Saab UK. Neither notice states a value, a quantity or a model.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

Denmark recorded separate direct-contract decisions for Kongsberg Discovery AS and Saab UK Limited systems for Norwind Helm. One package is an autonomous underwater vehicle and one is remotely operated.

The notices identify suppliers and system types, but give no value, delivery date or use case. That limits what the procurement record can prove about capability. 

Finland's National Emergency Supply Agency opened an open procurement on 3 September for 8 to 16 radiation-sensing ground platforms for the Finnish rescEU stockpile. The notice does not fix an autonomy level, and no ground-only budget figure exists.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

Finland's National Emergency Supply Agency opened a procurement for eight to 16 radiation-sensing ground systems for rescEU. The wider aerial-and-ground procurement has an estimated EUR11 million value.

The robots could let responders check dangerous areas before people enter them. The notice does not show a unit price, a winner or a delivery date. 

AEVEX Corp. filed on 12 August that it had entered an agreement to acquire Maritime Applied Physics Corporation through BlackSea Technologies, valuing the proposed transaction at up to $650 million. The deal remained subject to closing conditions when announced.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

AEVEX Corp. agreed to acquire BlackSea Technologies for up to $650 million. The deal is subject to closing conditions, so it has not yet established a completed change of ownership.

The filing puts a price ceiling on a proposed transaction. Readers should separate that maximum from cash paid or any future operating result. 

Rheinmetall opened an Advanced Land Autonomy Centre of Excellence in the United Kingdom on 14 August, built around Rheinmetall Canada's platform-independent PATH kit. It disclosed no site address, headcount, investment value or customer order.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

Rheinmetall opened a United Kingdom centre for land autonomy built around Rheinmetall Canada's PATH kit. Rheinmetall says PATH has appeared in demonstrations on more than 40 vehicle types.

The centre focuses on integrating and testing equipment. The published figure describes demonstrations, so it does not show how many systems any customer has bought. 

Sources:Rheinmetall

The United States Department of War awarded Overland AI $14,305,444 on 18 August to put an autonomy stack onto six commercially available heavy-duty trucks for combat-engineer work. Nearly all of the obligated money is prior-year funding.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

The United States Department of War awarded Overland AI $14,305,444 to add autonomy to six heavy-duty trucks for combat-engineer work. Most of the obligation uses fiscal 2025 funds.

The award pays for integration, not an operational fleet. It links automated driving to equipment that can support mine-clearing work, but only across six trucks. 

Kongsberg reported on 31 August the first at-sea trials of HISAS2020, a synthetic-aperture sonar it sells independently of any vehicle, flown on a HUGIN Edge. It gave no trial date, no location and no independent test data.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

Kongsberg reported its first at-sea trial of HISAS2020 sonar on a HUGIN Edge autonomous underwater vehicle. The company estimates acoustic image resolution at 13mm by 13mm.

A synthetic-aperture sonar builds detailed images from sound. The resolution figure remains a company estimate, so readers need independent results before treating it as a measured benchmark. 

Sources:Kongsberg

OMS Group and Exail announced on 3 September that OMS had bought a second DriX O-16 uncrewed surface vessel for seabed survey, route verification and monitoring on subsea-cable installation campaigns.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

OMS Group bought a second Exail DriX O-16 uncrewed surface vessel for subsea-cable survey and monitoring. The purchase brings the operator's reported fleet of this model to two.

A repeat order gives Exail a customer use case beyond a single vessel. The announcement does not state a price, delivery date or named cable campaign. 

Sources:Exail

DARPA opened solicitation DPA26BZ05-DV021 on 26 August for a two-person-portable autonomous underwater vehicle with open software interfaces, swappable payloads and up to 24 hours of operation. It requires a commercial transition plan after fleet testing.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency opened a solicitation for a two-person-portable autonomous underwater vehicle. It requires open interfaces, a commercial transition plan and operation for up to 24 hours.

An open interface lets other equipment connect without a closed design. The solicitation seeks proposals, so it does not identify a selected vehicle or supplier. 

Sources:DARPA

CASNAV began installing a four-GPU computing cluster at the Brazilian Navy Data Centre on 20 August, funded through its uncrewed surface vessel project. The release describes research infrastructure and nothing beyond it.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

Brazil's Centro de Análises de Sistemas Navais began installing four NVIDIA H200 processors at the Navy Data Centre. The cluster supports the Drones Marítimos de Superfície project.

The installation provides computing capacity for a surface-vessel project, rather than a reported vessel delivery. It remains a first installation phase with no published measure of operating output. 

Poland's Gdynia naval port command named ENAMOR on 2 September for two sets of stereoscopic camera modules for V8 M500 remotely operated underwater vehicles, on a contract worth an estimated PLN2,017,362.66.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

Poland's Komenda Portu Wojennego Gdynia selected ENAMOR for stereoscopic camera modules for two V8 M500 underwater remotely operated vehicles. The estimated contract value is PLN2,017,362.66.

Stereoscopic cameras give an operator depth information through paired images. The contract buys a subsystem for two vehicles, with a stated end date of 30 October. 

ClassNK, Evergreen Marine, Samsung Heavy Industries and Weathernews signed a memorandum on 20 August for a test in which Samsung's autonomous navigation system controls a commercial ship's speed in real time, with ClassNK reviewing the method.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

ClassNK, Evergreen Marine Corporation, Samsung Heavy Industries and Weathernews signed a memorandum for a crewed commercial-vessel navigation trial. The agreement describes a test, not an autonomous voyage.

The four organisations bring different roles to the planned trial. The accepted record gives no vessel name, trial date, expected fuel saving or independently measured result. 

Sources:ClassNK

Anadolu Agency reported on 17 August that the MARLIN armed uncrewed surface vessel laid a MALAMAN training mine in autonomous and remote-controlled modes, after Sefine Shipyard completed validation and testing. No first-party notice was located.

Sources profile:This story draws on mixed-leaning sources from Türkiye
Türkiye
LeftRight

Anadolu Agency reported that the MARLIN armed uncrewed surface vessel laid a MALAMAN training mine in autonomous and remote-controlled modes. The report followed testing by Sefine Shipyard.

The record concerns a training mine and comes from one news agency. No first-party notice in the accepted record confirms the event or identifies any operational deployment. 

Oceaneering told the Offshore Northern Seas conference in Stavanger on 26 August that it was drawing lessons from more than 100,000 hours of remote subsea piloting run through onshore operations centres. The hours count human piloting, not autonomous operation.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

US-headquartered Oceaneering told a Stavanger conference that it had drawn on more than 100,000 hours of human remote subsea piloting. The company gave no measurement period or vehicle count.

Remote piloting means people control work from elsewhere. The hours do not measure autonomous operation, so they cannot show how long a vehicle worked without human control. 

Sources:Oceaneering

Sandvik booked an order worth about SEK275 million from Kamoa Copper on 25 August for trucks and loaders at the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Two of the loaders will carry its AutoMine system.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

Sandvik booked an equipment order worth about SEK275 million from Kamoa Copper for the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex. The order includes two loaders fitted with AutoMine.

The stated value covers trucks and loaders together, not the autonomous loaders alone. This is an order, so it does not show that the equipment is already operating at the mine. 

Sources:Sandvik

HUMAIN and Applied Intuition said on 31 August that they aimed to deploy thousands of autonomous trucks across Saudi logistics corridors by 2030. No order, no fleet baseline and no contract value was disclosed.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

HUMAIN and Applied Intuition said they aim to deploy thousands of autonomous trucks across Saudi logistics corridors by 2030. They disclosed no order, corridor, contract value or baseline fleet.

The statement is a target for 2030, not a report of trucks bought or operating. Readers cannot use it to measure current autonomous freight activity in Saudi Arabia

Wuhan Economic Development Zone's media centre reported that a battery-powered cleaning boat worked Wanjia Lake on its own on 20 August, planning its route and avoiding obstacles before a worker recalled it from a phone. No company release or independent test record was located.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

Wuhan Economic Development Zone's media centre reported that a battery-powered cleaning boat completed an autonomous work cycle on Wanjia Lake. No company release or independent test record appears in the accepted record.

The report describes one claimed work cycle, not a completed public deployment. Any duration figure comes from company representatives rather than independent measurement, and the 26-lake figure is a plan. 

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki concluded a EUR306,400 contract with GEOSENSE I.K.E. on 2 September for a single multi-purpose unmanned ground vehicle, bundled with four instruments and its software. The award landed just below the estimate.

Sources profile:This story draws on neutral-leaning sources

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki concluded a EUR306,400 contract with GEOSENSE I.K.E. for one multi-purpose unmanned ground vehicle. The price is below the EUR308,870.97 estimate.

The university has purchased one vehicle, rather than a fleet. The published contract does not state what work it will do, when it will arrive or whether it has entered service. 

Closing comments

Pause: Japan's Ministry of Defense has specified UUV strike functions without an amount, while the JPY 9.5 billion figure funds a separate UGV line; Taiwan's NT$240 billion ceiling still awaits promulgation, and Saildrone's RIMPAC shot was a demonstration. The direction would move up if Japan's final FY2027 budget funds either UUV line, Taiwan promulgates the Act, or the United States Navy's MUSV marketplace produces a selection; those are decision points, not evidence of platform deployment.

Different Perspectives
Japan Ministry of Defense
Japan Ministry of Defense
Japan's Ministry of Defense requested UUV missile-launch and attack-module research in its FY2027 budget request. The request names functions but gives neither undersea line an amount.
Taiwan Legislative Yuan
Taiwan Legislative Yuan
Taiwan's Legislative Yuan passed the Act at third reading with a small suicide uncrewed boat on the named development list. The NT$240 billion ceiling covers all unmanned domains, and the Act was not promulgated by 4 September.
Saildrone
Saildrone
Saildrone and Lockheed Martin demonstrated two JAGM launches from a Surveyor-class vessel at RIMPAC. The accepted record identifies no requirement, customer or production configuration behind the demonstration.
HUMAIN
HUMAIN
HUMAIN and Applied Intuition stated a 2030 target for thousands of autonomous trucks on Saudi logistics corridors. The announcement disclosed no order, fleet baseline or contract value.