Common Questions

What is international humanitarian law?

International humanitarian law (IHL), also known as the laws of war, limits the effects of armed conflict. Codified in the 1949 Geneva Conventions, it requires parties to distinguish combatants from civilians, act proportionately, and take precautions. Both Iran and Israel are parties to the Geneva Conventions, making their actions in the 2026 war subject to its rules.Source: ICRC

Did the US violate international law in the Minab school strike?

Three independent investigations by the Washington Post, CNN, and CBC concluded the strike on Shajareh Tayyebeh girls' school in Minab was 'targeted and deliberate, possibly based on faulty IRGC intelligence', using a US weapon. 168 children were killed. The Pentagon has neither confirmed nor denied; 46 senators wrote to Hegseth demanding an investigation.Source: Washington Post / CNN / CBC

Are cluster munitions illegal under international law?

Cluster munitions are banned by the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions, but neither Iran nor Israel has signed it. Iran used cluster munitions in multiple barrages against Israeli residential areas including Bnei Brak and Ramat Gan, scattering submunitions across civilian districts.Source: Convention on Cluster Munitions

Background

International humanitarian law, codified in the 1949 Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, establishes core wartime obligations: distinction (separating combatants from civilians), proportionality, and precaution. The Convention on Cluster Munitions bans the weapons Iran deployed. Human Rights Watch called on the US, UK, and Germany to suspend arms transfers to Israel under the Arms Trade Treaty, citing obligations triggered by credible evidence of grave crimes.

The 2026 Iran-Israel war has produced simultaneous IHL violations on multiple fronts. Three independent investigations concluded the Day 1 US strike on Shajareh Tayyebeh girls' school in Minab was deliberate, killing 168 children — a misidentified target, not collateral damage. Iran's use of cluster munitions over Israeli residential areas drew separate condemnation, with submunitions dispersed across civilian districts.

The conflict exposes IHL's enforcement gap: no mechanism compels compliance in real time. Hengaw documented Iranian forces embedding in schools, dormitories, and mosques, while Trump threatened to target groups not previously considered targets, directly challenging the principle of distinction. Each violation by one party is routinely invoked to justify the other's.

More questions

What does the Arms Trade Treaty require in wartime?

The Arms Trade Treaty obliges signatory states to suspend weapons transfers when there is a credible risk they will be used to commit grave crimes. Human Rights Watch formally invoked this in 2026, calling on the US, UK, and Germany to suspend military assistance to Israel. The UK set a precedent by suspending some transfers over Gaza in September 2024.Source: Human Rights Watch

How does IHL differ from war crimes law?

IHL sets the rules, principally distinction, proportionality, and precaution. war crimes law criminalises serious IHL violations committed with intent. Striking a school on a misidentified target may breach IHL without constituting a war crime if intent cannot be proven. That gap between rule and accountability defines where both sides in the 2026 conflict currently sit.

How the World Sees Them

Iran

Iran has ratified the Geneva Conventions but did not sign the Convention on Cluster Munitions, which bans weapons its forces deployed over Israeli cities. Iranian commanders also embedded forces in civilian structures, compounding legal exposure while citing Israeli strikes as prior justification.

Israel

Israel maintains its strikes target military infrastructure and command personnel, but double-tap strikes in central Beirut and strikes outside evacuation-order zones have drawn sustained IHL scrutiny. The IDF acknowledged several incidents under 'review' without publishing findings.

United States

The US applies its own rules of engagement rather than accepting external IHL oversight; Defence Secretary Hegseth publicly rejected 'stupid rules'. Three independent investigations concluded a US weapon struck Minab girls' school, killing 168 children; the Pentagon has neither confirmed nor denied.

United Kingdom

The UK suspended some arms transfers to Israel over Gaza in September 2024, establishing a legal precedent under the Arms Trade Treaty. Human Rights Watch cited that precedent in its 2026 formal report calling for renewed suspension.