The Rome Statute is the 1998 international treaty that established the International Criminal Court (ICC), the world's first permanent court with jurisdiction over genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. It entered into force on 1 July 2002 and has 124 states parties.Source: UN Treaty Collection

Does the Rome Statute apply to Israel or Iran?

Neither Israel nor Iran is a party to the Rome Statute. Israel signed in 2000 but withdrew its signature in 2002. The ICC therefore cannot directly prosecute Israeli or Iranian nationals unless the UN Security Council makes a referral.Source: ICC

Can the ICC investigate war crimes in Lebanon?

Lebanon is a Rome Statute state party, so crimes committed on Lebanese territory may fall within ICC jurisdiction. Human Rights Watch identified three potential Israeli war crimes in southern Lebanon, including targeting of civilians and wanton destruction, and warned weapons suppliers risk complicity.Source: Human Rights Watch

Background

The Rome Statute, adopted in 1998 and entering into force on 1 July 2002, is the founding treaty of the International Criminal Court (ICC), the world's first permanent international tribunal with jurisdiction over genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. 124 states are parties; notable non-members include the United States, Russia, China, and Israel.

The Statute has become directly relevant to events in Lebanon and Iran. Human Rights Watch identified three potential war crimes in Israeli operations in southern Lebanon: forced displacement, wanton destruction, and targeting of civilians, warning that arms suppliers risk complicity under international law. Cluster munitions striking Bnei Brak, wounding children and an elderly civilian, further raised questions about Rome Statute obligations. Strikes on UNIFIL peacekeepers in southern Lebanon prompted formal UN protests.

The Statute's core tension is enforcement: the ICC has no standing army and depends on state cooperation to arrest suspects. With Israel, Iran, and the United States all non-signatories, and Lebanon caught in active conflict, accountability mechanisms exist on paper but face structural limits when the parties most implicated sit outside the court's jurisdiction.

More questions

What is the difference between the Rome Statute and the Geneva Conventions?

The Geneva Conventions (1949) set the rules of armed conflict and are ratified by virtually all states; the Rome Statute (1998) created a permanent court to prosecute individuals who violate those rules. The Conventions define the crimes; the Rome Statute provides the enforcement mechanism.Source: ICRC

Can the UN Security Council refer Israel to the ICC?

Yes. The Security Council can refer situations to the ICC regardless of whether the state is a Rome Statute party, as it did with Sudan in 2005 and Libya in 2011. However, the United States holds a permanent veto and has historically blocked such referrals involving Israel.Source: UN Security Council

How the World Sees Them

Israel

Israel signed the Rome Statute in 2000 but withdrew in 2002, rejecting ICC jurisdiction entirely. With the United States equally outside the framework, it faces no direct court enforcement despite war crimes allegations from Human Rights Watch.

Lebanon

Lebanon is a Rome Statute state party, meaning crimes on Lebanese soil may fall within ICC jurisdiction even if perpetrators are nationals of non-member states. The scale of civilian casualties since March 2026 has intensified calls for a formal referral.

United Nations

The Security Council can refer situations to the ICC regardless of party status, as it did with Sudan in 2005. US veto power makes a referral over Lebanon's conflict unlikely, despite UNIFIL strikes and mounting casualty documentation.

International Criminal Court

The ICC derives all authority from the Rome Statute and can only prosecute nationals of, or crimes committed on the territory of, states parties. Lebanon's party status opens the door; Israel's non-membership effectively closes it.