Skip to content
Welcome, thoughtbot's Giant Robots listeners!Start here
Russia-Ukraine War 2026
16APR

Hormuz open to friends, shut to enemies

3 min read
14:27UTC

Iran's foreign minister told Japanese media the strait is blocked only for hostile nations — the first official articulation of a selective blockade doctrine designed to fracture the coalition arrayed against Tehran.

ConflictDeveloping
Key takeaway

Selective passage weaponises transit rights as diplomatic currency while denying opponents a unified casus belli.

Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi told Japan's Kyodo News: "the strait is closed only to ships belonging to our enemies, countries that attack us. For other countries, ships can pass through the strait." The audience was deliberate. Japan depends on Hormuz for more than 90% of its Middle Eastern crude imports and was granted passage the same week. Araghchi's statement codifies what the IRGC toll system had already established in practice — a selective blockade distinguishing between hostile and non-hostile nations.

Under international maritime law, all vessels hold transit passage rights through straits used for international navigation. A blanket Hormuz closure would unite maritime powers against Tehran and provide clear legal grounds for military enforcement. A selective closure divides them. Nations that joined the 22-country demand for reopening but pledged no warships now have a route to continued energy access — provided they keep their commitments rhetorical. Iran's doctrine rewards the gap between words and action that has characterised the international response. The seven-nation statement from 19 March produced no vessels; the expanded 22-nation version tripled the signatories and still produced none.

Araghchi's framing is consistent with Iran's broader negotiating posture. Days earlier, he told The National that Iran does not "believe in a ceasefire" and set conditions including removal of all US bases from the region and reparations. The selective blockade is not a de-escalation offer. Tehran maintains the military closure against US-aligned shipping while building bilateral dependencies with non-aligned states — dependencies that give each country an individual reason to resist joining any enforcement Coalition. For Washington, the structural problem is plain: every nation that secures bilateral passage from Iran has less incentive to challenge Iran's control of the strait.

Deep Analysis

In plain English

International law normally guarantees all ships the right to pass through major straits like Hormuz. Iran is claiming that, because it is at war, it can decide who gets through based on whether their country is an enemy. It has told Japan it may pass; US-allied countries cannot. This is legally contested — UNCLOS does not permit this discrimination — and it is deliberately designed to split potential opponents by giving some of them a reason not to enforce the rules.

Deep Analysis
Synthesis

By communicating the policy to a Japanese outlet rather than through formal diplomatic channels, Iran simultaneously sends three distinct messages: to Tokyo (passage is available), to non-aligned states (apply for your own exemption), and to the US (the closure has third-party legitimacy). The choice of venue is itself a diplomatic instrument.

Root Causes

Iran's selective blockade doctrine exploits a structural gap in UNCLOS enforcement: no automatic mechanism exists for enforcing transit passage rights, and enforcement depends entirely on state initiative and collective political will. A selective closure — which gives major powers a financial reason not to enforce — is specifically calibrated to paralyse that will.

Escalation

The public articulation of the doctrine locks Iran in. Araghchi's statement to Kyodo News — a deliberate choice of non-Western media venue — makes selective closure official Iranian policy. Iran cannot quietly reopen the strait to all shipping without a visible public concession, raising the political cost of de-escalation for Tehran regardless of military outcome.

What could happen next?
  • Precedent

    If Iran's selective blockade doctrine is tolerated, it establishes that belligerent states may discriminate among shipping by flag-state political alignment, rewriting the legal architecture of international straits passage.

    Long term · Assessed
  • Consequence

    Non-aligned states granted passage acquire a covert dependency on Tehran: passage can be revoked if their political alignment shifts, creating permanent ongoing Iranian leverage over their energy security.

    Medium term · Suggested
  • Risk

    The explicit public statement forecloses quiet diplomatic resolution — Iran cannot reopen the strait to all shipping without a public concession that signals domestic weakness.

    Short term · Assessed
First Reported In

Update #45 · Ultimatum expires; Iran tolls Hormuz at $2m

Al Jazeera· 23 Mar 2026
Read original →
Causes and effects
This Event
Hormuz open to friends, shut to enemies
By drawing an explicit distinction between hostile and non-hostile nations, Iran converts a military closure into a diplomatic instrument that penalises coalition membership and rewards strategic ambiguity.
Different Perspectives
Bulgarian government
Bulgarian government
Bulgaria's Prime Minister, Rumen Radev, said the sinking of HS Dignity "benefits the Russian Federation" while saying Bulgaria lacked solid evidence to accuse anyone, and Defence Minister Dimitar Stoyanov asked NATO for air defence on 16 October. The request comes from a government that stopped state military aid to Ukraine in June.
Radoslaw Sikorski
Radoslaw Sikorski
Poland's foreign minister challenged Elon Musk on X after SpaceX capped Ukraine's Starshield terminals on 14 October. Poland pays about $50m a year for Ukraine's Starlink subscriptions, so Warsaw speaks as the paying customer as well as the ally.
Andy Burnham
Andy Burnham
Burnham fast-tracked £10m of a £45m air-defence missile delivery when Zelenskyy visited London on 14 October, and his ministers are lobbying allies to ban maritime services for Russian liquefied natural gas. The measure targets insurers and shipowners, many of them in London, rather than the gas itself.
Ministry of External Affairs (India)
Ministry of External Affairs (India)
India's foreign ministry said after the 16 September House vote that New Delhi would take all necessary measures to protect its trade.
European Council
European Council
EU leaders on 15-16 October rejected a US idea to hand Washington the roughly €200bn of frozen Russian assets held in Europe, and Kaja Kallas said the decision belongs to Europeans. The same summit put off a decision on financing Ukraine, saying leaders "will revert to the issue in a timely manner".
Donald Trump
Donald Trump
Trump signed the 16 October order that sets the Graham Act's duties and waives them under section 115(a), with a certification sent to Congress. He says the United States has not stopped sharing intelligence with Ukraine, and on 11 October he said both sides had agreed to halt attacks on energy infrastructure.

Written with AI from Lowdown's published reporting. Not individually reviewed by an editor. Editorial standards.