The European Commission opened cloud gatekeeper probes against Amazon and Microsoft in late 2025, extending Digital Markets Act enforcement to cloud infrastructure for the first time1. The probes could mandate interoperability standards and data portability requirements, lowering switching costs for European enterprises running workloads on AWS and Azure.
The US administration treated the move as an escalation. A Section 301 investigation (a US trade law authorising retaliatory tariffs) explicitly named DMA cloud rules as "economic warfare"2. Washington's response focused on the cloud probes, not the consumer-facing app store fines, a distinction that reveals which enforcement actions the US considers a genuine threat to its companies' market position.
European cloud providers already compete effectively on price. A Callista benchmark from February 2026 found Hetzner delivers 14.3 times the compute value per unit cost compared to AWS; Scaleway delivers 4.8 times the value per euro3. The barrier to European cloud adoption is not cost. It is enterprise inertia, migration complexity, and gaps in managed services. DMA interoperability mandates would address the switching cost problem directly, though the timeline from probe to enforceable remedy is measured in years, not months.
EU-native cloud providers hold approximately 15% of the European cloud market against 70% for AWS, Azure, and Google combined4. If the probes result in enforceable interoperability rules, the price advantage European providers already hold could translate into market share gains that pure competition has not delivered.
