NRAs

NRAs (National Regulatory Authorities) are the independent energy regulators in each EU member state, collectively forming ACER's enforcement network across the European Union. Under REMIT (the EU Regulation on wholesale energy market Integrity and transparency) and its updated REMIT 2.0 framework, NRAs are responsible for investigating and sanctioning market abuse in their national jurisdictions, coordinating through ACER where cross-border activity is involved. In 2025, NRAs filed 204 STORs (Suspicious Transaction and Order Reports) across the 27-member network, double the 2024 figure, generating the enforcement dataset that ACER's May 2026 annual report drew on .

NRAs include major regulators such as Bundesnetzagentur (Germany), Ofgem (UK, now no longer an EU NRA post-Brexit), CNMC (Spain), CRE (France), and Autorità di Regolazione per Energia Reti e Ambiente (ARERA, Italy). ACER coordinates the network but does not have direct enforcement powers against individual market participants; that authority rests with each NRA in its jurisdiction. NRA capacity varies significantly: larger member states maintain dedicated REMIT enforcement teams while smaller member states share resource across regulatory functions.

The REMIT 2.0 T+10 reporting Deadline of 12 May 2026 will substantially increase the data volume flowing to NRAs from trading intermediaries. ACER's May 2026 enforcement report implicitly acknowledges that NRA capacity is already stretched by the 2025 STOR doubling before the new data arrives. The first REMIT 2.0 enforcement action originating from an NRA will set the domestic and cross-border precedent tariff for the post-T+10 compliance era.